Tuesday, August 2, 2016

Manufacturing Management - Introduction

Manufacturing Management - Introduction

Authors

Narayana Rao
Published

All Rights Reserved

Version 26

Last edited: 12 Sep 2011

Exported: 26 Nov 2011

Original URL: http://knol.google.com/k/-/-/2utb2lsm2k7a/3309






Planning, organizing and controlling manufacture of goods is manufacturing management. Chase et al. define operations management as the design, operation, and improvement of the systems that create and deliver the firm's primary products and services. Operations management is a discipline that includes production of goods and services.

Once the company decides to manufacture and sell a product, the specialized responsibility of the manufacturing management starts. But the decision to manufacture a product is based on feasibility analysis. During this analysis also manufacturing management issues are involved. Therefore, the persons doing strategic analysis or corporate planning analysis include persons from manufacturing management discipline with manufacturing management knowledge and bring into the analysis or decision making process the manufacturing view point.

Manufacturing is carried out through processes. A process is any actvity or group of activities that takes one or more inputs, transforms them, and provides one or more outputs. The output could be for an external customer for sale or for an internal customer to use for further processing. In some cases it can be for consumption in the same process or by the consumption by the producer hmself. Manufacturing processes convert materials into goods that have a physical form.  The transformation processes change the materials on one or more of the following dimensions:

1. Physical properties
2. Shape
3. Fixed dimension
4. Surface finish
5 Joining parts and materials.

The outputs from manufacturing processes can stored and transported in anticipation of future demand (Krajewski et al. 2007).


Important Developments in Manufacturing Management


Developments in manufacturing management include certain technical developments that made manufacturing systems more productive and flexible.

Shopfloor management guidelines provided by F.W. Taylor were landmarks in the field of manufacturing management. Taylor further development Scientific management philisophy. Taylor also brought out the importantance of scientific studies in manufacturing processes improvement or design. His studies on machining were considered a very important research contribution. Taylor also introduced time study based best practice identification and training all operators in the best practice. He advocated that manufacturing managers have the responsibility of developing manufacturing methods and training operators in best methods.

Frank Gilbreth developed study of motions of operators to develop efficient operator movements either to do manual work or to operate machines. He and Lilian Gilbreth also introduced the concept of fatigue and proposed ways to prevent the negative consequences of fatigue in operators as well as in manufactuirng systems.

Henry Ford introduced moving assembly lines that revolutionized the production systems. Henry Gantt developed charts that helped scheduling production activities.

Harry Emerson wrote a book on principles of efficiency and it became part of industrial engineering and scientific management literature. Focus on efficiency in systems in general and especially manufacturing systems sharpened.

F.W. Harris developed theory of batch quantities in production and purchase. Walter Schewart developed procedures for using statistical thinking in process control. He created methods for determining when to change machine setups based on the measurements of samples taken at randome intervals. Hawthorne studies became another landmark development in manufacturing management. They brought out the importance of psychological variables in improving or decreasing productivity of operators. Unfortunately, the proponents of this line of thought have not integrated their conclusions with the ideas of scientific management appropriately. They chose to attack themes of scientific management. Manufacturing management might have had a different state today, if scientific management movement that had engineering foundations and human relations school of thought that had psychology as its foundation were appropriately integrated by human relations school.

Hawthorne studies became another landmark development in manufacturing management. They brought out the importance of psychological variables in improving or decreasing productivity of operators. Unfortunately, the proponents of this line of thought have not integrated their conclusions with the ideas of scientific management appropriately. They chose to attack themes of scientific management. Manufacturing management might have had a different state today, if scientific management movement that had engineering foundations and human relations school of thought that had psychology as its foundation were appropriately integrated by human relations school.

Development of operations research (OR) helped manufacturing managers to understand and optimize their systems better. Study of operations research became a part of studies of manufacturing managers.  Use of computers was started in recording store related transactions and data and it was extended to shopfloor transaction data. The use was further extended to calculation of batch quantities and preparation of  loading sheets and schedules.

In 1970s, scholars in USA recognized that Japanese had used their manufacturing management philosophies, strategies and techniqes as a strategic capability to win market shares in global markets. A new era of manufacturing strategy thought developed in manufacturing management.  Automation increased in factories. With this multiskilling of operators came into picture as now operators have more time and can operate more machines. As group layout became more popular, an operator was required to operate different machines which were in series. Total quality management, total productive maintenance, total cost management became the strategies. JIT or lean systems became the best practice production systems. While improvement everywhere reached its zenith, the important idea that it is improvement in bottleneck that has the most value was highlighted by Goldratt in the name of 'Theory of Constraints.'

Many new technologies came into existence and were adopted into manucturing processes. The existing ideas regardng technology adoption did not emphasize the suboptimal use of technology. The full power of technology was not being put to use by many. Theory of BPR brought this into focus and helped systems become more productive by utilizing the power and potential of the new technologies more. Ability to look at bigger and bigger systems using OR models and system dynamics models and the ability to access data anywhere using internet based data communication systems made coordination across distributed national and global facilities. This led to the development of theory of supply chain wherein information can be made visible to anybody and optimization can be done from the point of origin or raw materials to its dumping point. Manufacturing facilities are now a part of supply chains wherein information is available to both suppliers and potential customers in real time and purchasing is done through electronic orders. In a century, manufacturing management theory and pratice developed immensely.


Chase, Richard, B., F. Robert Jacobs, Nicholas J. Aquilano , Operations Management, 11th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006.
Krajewski, Lee et al., Operations Management: Processes and Value Chains, 8th Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 2007.



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Early Books on Manufacturing Management


Factory Organization and Administration
Hugo Dimer, First Professor of Industrial Engineering, Pennsylavania State College
First edition: 1910
Third edition digital copy
http://www.archive.org/stream/factoryorganiza00diemgoog#page/n10/mode/2up

Profit Making in Shop and Factory Management
Charles U. Carpenter, 1908
http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924002748576#page/n1/mode/2up

Shop Management
Frederick Winslow Taylor, 1911
http://www.archive.org/stream/shopmanagement00taylgoog#page/n10/mode/2up

Factory and Office Administration
Lee Galloway, 1918
http://www.archive.org/stream/factoryofficeadm00galliala#page/n3/mode/2up

Factory Management Wastes: And How to Prevent Them
James F. Whiteford, 1919
http://www.archive.org/stream/factorymanagemen00whit#page/n7/mode/2up

Plant Management
Dexter S. Kimball, 1919
http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924031222627#page/n7/mode/2up

___________________________________________________________________________________________


Article part of chapter  Introduction  to Manufacturing Management

Chapter - Introduction to Manufacturing Management

Authors

Narayana Rao
Published

All Rights Reserved

Version 7

Last edited: 20 Nov 2010 (On Knol)

Exported: 26 Nov 2011

Original URL: http://knol.google.com/k/-/-/2utb2lsm2k7a/3311


Chapter of Manufacturing Management - Knol Book

Contents of Chapter

Principles of Management – Koontz and O’Donnell

Manufacturing Management - Introduction

Manufacturing Management - Introduction - Interesting Web Pages  

Preface to Manufacturing Management - Blog Book




Preface to Manufacturing Management - Knol Book

Authors

Narayana Rao
Published

All Rights Reserved

Version 2

Last edited: 18 Nov 2010

Exported: 26 Nov 2011

Original URL: http://knol.google.com/k/-/-/2utb2lsm2k7a/3310



Study each book and seminar,
Attend every one you can, sir!
You'll find a thousand experts
--each with PART of the answer.    (O.W. Wight in the book, Production and Inventory Control: Principles and Techniques)

Digital media or electronic media products have made it possible for more experts (even in a limited way) to write their thoughts and understanding of issues and share the knowledge with rest. People in general have followed Wight's advice and are reading digital media articles.

Knol, a wiki-based article writing platform is another digital media product launched by Google to promote writing units of knowledge, knols. Number of professionals and faculty members are writing on Knol. Knol books of collections are part of efforts to bring articles or knols related to a subject together and present them to readers. Such books make accessing thousands of experts more easy for readers. Society will be benefited, if more people become more knowledgeable and use that knowledge to produce more goods and services and more importantly happiness and also preserve environment for present as well as future generations.

Robust Design

Chapter  13 Ulrich and Eppinger - Product Design and Development


Robust Design


1. Identify Control Factors,  Noise Factors, and Performance Metrics
2. Formulate an Objective Function
3. Develop an Experimental Plan
4. Run the Experiment
5. Conduct the Analysis
6. Select and Confirm Factor Setpoints

Prototyping

Chapter  12 Ulrich and Eppinger - Product Design and Development

Prototyping - Planning for Prototyping


1. Define the Purpose of the Prototype
2. Establish the Level of Approximation of the Prototype
3. Outline an Experimental Plan
4. Create a Schedule for Procurement, Construction and Testing

Design for Manufacturing - A Step in Product Design and Development

Chapter  11 Ulrich and Eppinger - Product Design and Development


Manufacturing cost is a key determinant of the economic success of a product. Economic success depends on the profit earned on each item sold, and how many units of the product the firm can sell.  if the price is set lower more sales can be achieved. But to maintain profit margin or profit on each item sold, cost also have to low. Design for manufacturing activity helps in lowering the cost of manufacturing by modifying the design to suit manufacturing capabilities without decreasing the quality of the product.

Design for Manufacturing


1. Estimate the Manufacturing Costs
2. Reduce the Cost of Components
3. Reduce the Cost of Assembly
4. Reduce the Costs of Supporting Production
5. Consider the Impact of DFM Decisions on other Factors


Details

1. Estimate the Manufacturing Costs
2. Reduce the Cost of Components

Understand the Process Constraints and Cost Drivers
Redesign Components to Eliminate Processing Steps
Choose the Appropriate Economic Scale for the Part Process
Standardize Components and Processes
Adhere to "Black Box" Component Procurement. Allow the supplier to design the product based functional specification.

3. Reduce the Cost of Assembly

Integrate Parts
Maximize Ease of Assembly
Consider Customer Assembly


4. Reduce the Costs of Supporting Production

Minimize Systemic Complexity
Error Proofing (Pokayoke)

5. Consider the Impact of DFM Decisions on other Factors

Industrial Design of New Products


Chapter 10  Ulrich and Eppinger - Product Design and Development


Western European industrial designers emphasized the importance of geometry, precision, simplicity, and economy in the design of products apart from functional requirements.

In America, the industrial designers were at the service of sales and advertising. They emphasized the exterior of the product as a way to attract buyers. Industrial designers created nonfunctional aerodynamic shapes to create product appeal.

It is now accepted that all products that are seen by people depend critically on ID for commercial success.

Industrial design now has two important categories: ergonomic and aesthetic design.

Industrial Design Process


1. Investigation of customer needs
2. Conceptualization
3. Preliminary Refinement
4. Further Refinement and final Concept Selection
5. Control Drawings or Models
6. Coordinating with Engineering, Manufacturing and External Vendors

Product Architecture in Product Development


Chapter 9 Ulrich and Eppinger - Product Design and Development


A product is developed based on functional elements. The product as developed has physical elements, parts and subassemblies.

The architecture of a product is the scheme by which the functional elements of the product are arranged into physical chunks (items of the product) and by which the chunks interact.

The most modular architecture is one in which each functional element of the product is implemented through  one distinct chunk.


Product Architecture


1. Create a Schematic of the Product
2. Cluster the Elements of the Schematic
3. Create a Rough Geometric Layout
4. Identify the Fundamental and Incidental Interactions


Delayed Differentiation of the Product


Platform Planning

A company may offer two or more products that are highly differentiated yet share a substantial fraction of their components. The fraction that is shared is called the platform,

In platform based products, there is a commonality or common parts plan and differentiation plan.

Concept Testing in Product Development


Chapter 8 Ulrich and Eppinger - Product Design and Development


Concept Testing


1. Define the Purpose of the Concept Test
2. Choose a Survey Population
3.Choose a Survey Format
4. Communicate the Concept
5. Measure the Customer Response
6. Interpret the Results



Details

1. Define the Purpose of the Concept Test
2. Choose a Survey Population and Sample Size
The sample size of the survey should be large enough that the team's confidence in the results is high enough to guide decision making

3.Choose a Survey Format

Survey formats include face to face interaction, telephone, postal mail, electronic mail, internet etc.

4. Communicate the Concept

The concept can be communicated to the survey participant as verbal description, sketch, photo, story board, video, physical model or working prototype. Based on the communication form used, the survye format also will change.

5. Measure the Customer Response

The customer response can be taken in the form

Definitely would buy.
Probably would buy.
Might or might not buy.
Probably would not buy.
Definitely would not buy.

6. Interpret the Results


Concept Selection in Product Development



Chapter 7 Ulrich and Eppinger - Product Design and Development


Concept Selection


It is based on method developed by Stuart Pugh. Called Pugh Concept Selection.

1. Prepare the Selection Matrix.
2. Rate the Concepts
3. Rank the Concepts
4. Combine and Improve the Concepts
5. Select One or More Concepts


Details

1. Prepare the Selection Matrix.
The concepts are portrayed by written description as well as graphical or pictorial representation.
A reference concept is chosen which is an industry standard or a well known concept to the participants so that it can be used to rate the generated concepts as better or worse.

2. Rate the Concepts
A relative score of "better than" (+) or "same as" (0) or "worse than" (-) is placed in each cell matrix formed by selection criteria and the specific concept.
3. Rank the Concepts
The +, 0 and -  are totalled against each concept to rank the concepts.
4. Combine and Improve the Concepts
The team can now see possibilities of combing the good features of various concepts into new concepts.
5. Select One or More Concepts
Selection of one or more concepts is now done for further refinement.